Land Rovers In Mars (Human Brain In Mars)

NASA has sent many land rovers to Mars. These rovers are high end technological robots which can do anything that is impossible to do by humans. The main aim of these rovers is to find out whether is there any environment that is suitable for humans to survive. That is, to travel such a far away from Earth and do explorations of Mars environment. They can test the soil, chemical mixtures of the soil and drill the rock to see the composition. These rovers use solar energy as main energy to survive. They can take the pictures of the environment. All the information collected can be sent back to the earth through the satellite. Hence these rovers in the Mars are great assets to the future technology.

The sunset picture of Mars taken by the rover ...............

A Humanoid Robot called ASIMO

ASIMO is a Japnese robot built by Honda company. It was most successful humanoid robot on the earth. It was able to show the most difficult actions of humans , such as, climbing the stairs, balancing the body, showing the human behaviors in different situation.

It was able to walk and run like humans and imitate humans. In addition, it can play games with kids.

Artificial Intelligence Programming

Artificial Intelligence Programming or AI programming is very essential to solve AI problems. One of such programing language is PROLOG. Basically the system works as follows. The user submits a description of her problem written in prolog language. The prolog interpreter then applies logical reasoning to find answers for the problem.
The first Prolog System was introduced in 1973, by Alain Colmerauer.
Prolog is a programming language for symbolic, non-numeric computation. It is used to solve the problems that consists of objects and relations between objects.

Example of prolog,

parent(tomy,sweet)

Here parent is the name of relation.
The contents inside the bracket are argument, here it is tomy and sweet.

The questoin can be given to prolog as,

?- parent (tomy,sweet).
yes //output
?- parent(tomy,tom).
no //output

Brief Information about Data Mining

Data is a collection of set of values. Obtaining utile data from these collections of set of values with the help of different data mining technique is called as Data mining. Data mining is defined as ‘the process of automatically discovering useful information in large data repositories’ (Tan et al 2006, p.2). According to Han and Kamber (2006, p.5) ‘data mining refers to extracting or mining knowledge from large amounts of data’.

The vast majority of work in data mining emphasizes the representation of data in different forms. The immensely used areas are data prediction, pattern recognition, data management, advanced data analysis. There are many data mining techniques to solve the problems, some of them are, K-mean algorithm, decision tree algorithm and neural networks.

In the real world, there are immense data which are widely available and generated. It is very important to keep track, store those data (information) and impendent need for making such data into utile information and cognition. The information and cognition obtained can be used for various applications such as analyzing stock market, supermarkets, fraud detection and scientific discoveries. The types of data used in data mining can be of any data such as numeric data, symbolic data, mix of numeric and symbolic, specifically data in data warehouses, relational databases, transactional databases, sequence databases, stream data, internet data and many more.

Basically data mining task can be classified into 2 categories, (Han and Kamber 2006)

1. Descriptive: Descriptive mining task deals with general attributes of the data in the database.

2. Predictive: Predictive mining task deals with making prediction of the data based on the current data in the database.

Optic Flow in Flying Robots

There has been much research in the field of optic flow, in particular the navigation in insects and robots. The vast majority of work in optic flow based vision, emphasizes on the different algorithm used to enhance the image processing. Here, I discuss the advantages and disadvantages of applying optic flow navigation, in particular flying robots rather general, and note that we need to consider different parameters when the robot is flying. Consequently, I will discuss some of the practical issues in this field.

Optic flow can be defined as the information of the environment or situation which is flown into animals or machines controlling system with the help of vision is called as Optic flow. According to Qiu (2000) “Optical flow is usually descriptively defined as the apparent motion of the brightness pattern in the image plane or an observer's retina resulting from the relative motion of the observer to the scene or the moving objects”.

Optic flow Mechanism in Insects/bees

Insects use optic flow mechanism extensively in all their activities and shows behaviour accordingly. Eyes plays very important role in insects and hence optic flow. Insect’s eyes are composed of compound eyes and these eyes have small eyes called ommatidium. They have large number of photoreceptors. Few of them, around 6 to 7 are connected to each ommatidium. Ommatidium are placed in such a way that, insect can have panoramic environmental view (Srinivasan and Zhang 2004).

Insects cannot find the distance of an object just by looking at it and their eyes posses very less range when compared to human eyes. This made insects to adapt or evolve different visual techniques (Srinivasan and Zhang 2004). We can re-create some of these things of bees and put them into novel kind of things. These alternate visual techniques of insects had made researchers to find different ways of solving problem in different fields. One of such largely used field is Robotics and its sub fields, autonomously navigating robot, study of insects behaviour, aeronautical, military applications and many more.

Advantages:

• In Narrow Gaps - Insect finds how rapidly the image of the world moves on their eyes and find how far they are located and navigate in it. Insects actually translate speed of image motion into range of object. The above optical flow technique can be used in flying robots which helps to fly in the narrow gap. The advantage is that they need not find the distance between the walls or on either side of the wall.

• Controlling Flight Speed - Bees control their flight speed by observing how rapidly environmental picture moving pass them and keeping that image velocity in eye constant.The centering mechanism and flight speed controller is done by the same system. That is, the system that controls the flight speed also does the centering mechanism, hence you do not require two different systems to carry out two different techniques.

• Collision Avoidance - We all know that whenever an object approaches the eye, the image of the object in the eyes increases. The same mechanism is used by insects to avoid collision. This technique can be implemented in flying robots.

• Smooth Landing

• Goal Directed Navigation

• In General

1. The robots do not need to know how fast it is travelling.

2. The robots do not need to know how fast it is approaching the ground.

3. The robots do not need to know how high it is above the ground.

4. The robots do not need to have different systems to do the above task, only one system can do all the task.

Disadvantages:

• Since it is the one system that takes care of all the properties like flight speed, centering and others as explained in Section 4.1, if this single system fails in the flying robot, then entire robot fails to perform a major function called ‘Flying’.

• Since the real world is 3D, it is hard to analyse the image and image variation to world motion. The spinning sphere image does not change regardless the sphere’s motion, similarly if it is a uniform plane as wall, then the camera motion (vision device) may not bring on any change in the image.

• It has been observed that applying vision in real task has two major limits, they are, robustness in real world, uncontrolled environment and the computing power required for real-time performance. They are very sore to noise and inaccuracy.

• Another unidentified situation is transparent medium like “Glass”, where it is difficult for robots to identify the medium using optic flow, there is a risk of collision. Since normal cameras has no capability to distinguishing between transparent medium and atmosphere.

• Since we use optic flow mechanism in our flying robots, therefore ‘vision device’ used in such case plays a very important role. Hence precautions has to be taken so that the lens of the vision device is not blurred due to weather condition in nature or natural calamities. The flying robot has to work in any weather condition.

Insects are the best field to explore the optic flow, in particular for flying robots.All the above advantages and disadvantages shows that how complicated the visual system in bees is. According to Webb (2006) many consequences remain unresolved like, the insect flying straight in front and sensors pointing down, then the ventral optic flow will be deformed if the insects rolls and pitches, control mechanism many are undiscovered.